Some Sources of Resistance in Crop Plants

Frederick J. Stevenson, Henry A. Jones.

We give in this chapter a list of crop plants and the diseases to which resistance has been found. Listed in order are the name of the crop, the disease (with the causative organism), the original source of resistance (O. S. R.), the present source of resistance (P. S. R.), and the mode of inheritance.

The abbreviation C. I. stands for Cereal Investigations-an accession number that, like a name, is assigned to a new variety of cereal grain.

In many instances the inheritance is reported as unknown or undetermined. Often the breeding behavior of the character for resistance is known, but the exact number of genes involved has not been determined. Some of the factors that make it hard to give a definite genetic explanation are multiple genes, polyploidy, physiologic races of causative organisms, and the effects of environment.

Write to your State agricultural experiment station for information concerning the sources of plant materials listed in this chapter.

For many diseases of crop plants there is still no known source of resistance. The search, however, is going forward steadily. If crop failures are to be avoided, new sources and higher levels of resistance to many destructive diseases have to be located. Undoubtedly many new sources of resistance will be uncovered in wild and cultivated species to be added to this already imposing list.

CEREALS: barley, corn, oats, rice, wheat.

BARLEY COVERED SMUT, Ustilago hordei. O. S. R.: Jet C. I. 967, Ogalitsu C. 1. 7152, Anoidium C. I. 7269, Kura C. I. 4306, Suchow C. I. 5091, Apsheron C. I. 5557, Hokudo C. I. 5176, C. I. 4308-2, and others in the barley world collection. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Undetermined. Inheritance studies are difficult because it is hard to get consistently high levels of infection.

LEAF RUST, Puffinia hordei. O. S. R.: Bolivia C. I. 1257 and 100 to 200 additional varieties in the barley world collection. P. S. R.: Commercial varieties having leaf rust resistance often derived this resistance from the sources in O. S. R. Inheritance: Monogenic dominant in most crosses; an additional gene may be present in some varieties.

LOOSE SMUT, Ustilago nigra. O. S. R.: Pannier C. I. 1330, Jet C. I. 967, Anoidium C. I. 7269, Ogalitsu C. I. 7152, Kura C. 1. 4306, Suchow C. I. 5091, Hokudo C. I. 5176, Apsheron C. I. 5557, C. I. Nos. 4308-2, 4326-1, 4327, 4329, 4967, and others in the world collection. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Undetermined. Inheritance studies are difficult because it is hard to get consistently high levels of infection.

LOOSE SMUT, Ustilago nuda. O. S. R.: Jet C. I. 967, Trebi C. I. 936, Valentine C. I. 7242, Ogalitsu C. I. 7152, Anoidium C. I. 7269, Abyssinian C. 1. 668, Bifarb C. I. 3951-3, Kitchin C. I. 1296, Afghanistan C. 1. 4173, Suchow C. I. 5091, C. I. 4966, a number of hooded winter barley selections from Tennessee Beardless and Missouri Early Beardless, and other varieties in the world collection. P. S. R.: Resistant genes from some of these varieties now have been transferred to commercial varieties; for example, Velvon, Titan Tregal, etc. Inheritance: Four resistant genes have been identified so far, two of which are dominant and two are intermediate in effect. The smut gene in Valentine is closely linked with the gene for stem rust resistance.

NET BLOTCH, Pyrenophora teres. O. S. R.: Canadian Lake Shore C. I. 2750, Tifang C. L 4407-1, Manchu C. I. 4795, Ming C. I. 4797, Harbin C. I. 4929, Velvet 26-95, C. I. 5084, and about 70 additional varieties in the barley world collection. P. S. R.: Partial protection to this disease now is present in some commercial varieties, which derived their germ plasm from barleys coming from Manchuria. Inheritance: Undetermined.

POWDERY MILDEW, Erysiphe graminis. O. S. R.: Duplex C. 1. 2433, Hanna C. 1.906, Goldfoil C. I. 928, Arlington Awnless C. 1. 702, Chinerme C. I. 1079, Algerian C. I. 1179, Kwan C. 1. 1016, Psaknon C. I. 6305, Monte Cristo C. I. 1017, West China C. 1. 7556, and many other varieties in the barley world collection. P. S. R.: Resistance to this disease is now found in several commercial varieties; for example, Atlas 46 and Erie. Inheritance: Nine dominant or incompletely dominant and three recessive genes for reaction to race 3 have been located.

SCAB. Gibberella zeae. O. S. R.: Chevron C. I. 1111, Himalaya C. I. 2448, Korsbyg C. I. 918, Cross C. I. Nos. 1613 and 2492, Peatland C. I. 5267, Svansota C. 1. 1907, and Golden Pheasant C. I. 2488. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Undetermined.

SCALD, Rhynchosporium secalis. O. S. R.: Turk C. I. 5611-2, La Mesita C. I. 7565, Modoc C. L 7566, Trebi C. I. 936, and a number of additional varieties in the barley world collection. P. S. R.: Resistance to scald is present in Atlas 46, which was derived from the variety Turk.

SPOT BLOTCH, Helminthosporium sativum. O. S. R.: Oderbrucker C. I. 4666, Peatland C. I. 5267, Chevron C. I. 1111, Jet C. I. 967, OAC 21 C. I. 1470, Persicum C. I. 6531, Brachytic C. I. 6572, and others in the barley world collection. P. S. R.: The resistance in Moore is an example of the transfer of resistance from Chevron/ Olli.

STEM RUST, Puccinia graminis. O. S. R.: Chevron C. I. 1111, Peatland C. I. 5267, Hietpas 5 C. I. 7124, Kindred C. 1. 6969, and about 5o additional varieties in the barley world collection. P. S. R.: Several commercial varieties; for example, Mars, Moore, Kindred Feebar, and Plains. Inheritance: Monogenic dominant, an additional gene may be present in some varieties.

STRIPE, Helminthosporium gramineum. O. S. R.: Hannchen C. I. 531, Trebi C. I. 936, Club Mariout C. I. 261, Persicum C. I. 6531, Brachytic C. I. 6572, Lion 923, and others in the barley world collection. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Six or more separate genes are involved and various degrees of dominance have been encountered.

CORN BROWN SPOT, Physoderma zeae-maydis. O. S. R.: L87 and L87-2. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Unknown; probably polygenic.

DIPLODIA EAR ROT, Difilodia zeae. O. S. R.: R4, C. I. 540, 111- 90, P- S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Unknown; probably polygenic.

DIPLODIA STALK ROT, Diplodia zeae.

O. S. R.: B14, 815, 1159, Li, K166, K20 I, C103. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Unknown; probably polygenic.

GIBBERELLA STALK ROT, Gibberella zeae. O. S. R.: C. I. 21E, K201, T8. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Unknown; probably polygenic.

HELMINTHOSPORIUM LEAF SPOT, Helminthosporium carbonum, race 1. O. S. R.: Most inbred lines are resistant. Susceptible inbred lines are: Pr, K61, Mo. 21A, K44. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Monogenic dominant.

NORTHERN CORN LEAF BLIGHT, Helminthosporium turcicum. O. S. R.: Mo. 2LA, NC34, L97, Ky. 114, T13, C. I. 23, C103, Ky. 36-11, K175, K148,and R39. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Polygenic.

RUST, Puccinia polysora. O. S. R.: Little critical information available but in a greenhouse test inoculated when 6 weeks old, the following lines were resistant to infection: Hy, W22, 461-3, 38-11, Ohio 07, K148, T14, and C. I. 15. P. S. R.: Same as preceding.

Inheritance: Unknown; probably poly-genic.

RUST, Puccinia sorghi. O. S. R.: Little critical information available but inbred lines WF9, B2, C. I. 540, I. T. E. 701, and Ill. have shown some resistance under field conditions. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Probable polygenic; resistance to physiologic form 3, a monogenic dominant.

SEEDLING BLIGHT, Pythium species. O. S. R.: W23. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Unknown; probably polygenic.

SEEDLING BLIGHT, Penicillium oxalicum. O. S. R.: 111. 90, W22, Ohio 41, 38-11, W24, A375. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Unknown; probably polygenic.

SMUT, Ustilago maydis. O. S. R.: Ind. 33-16, A321, and A. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Polygenic.

SOUTHERN CORN LEAF BLIGHT, Helminthosporium maydis. O. S. R.: C103, Tr, G, M14, 0426, and W20. P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Unknown; probably polygenic.

STEWART'S WILT (late infection or leaf-blight phase), Bacterium stewartii. O. S. R.: K4, Ky. 27, C103, Ohio 28.

P. S. R.: Same as preceding. Inheritance: Not fully known. Systemic phase apparently controlled by two major and one minor gene.

OATS ANTHRACNOSE, Colletotrichum graminicola. P. S. R.: Early Red Rustproof, Red Rustproof, Saia, and Victoria. Inheritance: Unknown.

BACTERIAL STRIPE BLIGHT, Pseudomonas striafaciens. P. S. R.: Aurora, Coastblack, Colburt, Culberson, Fulghum, Navarro, Red Rustproof, Ruakura, Swedish Select, and Winter Turf. Inheritance: Unknown.

BLACK LOOSE SMUT, Ustilago avenae. p. S. R.: Black Mesdag, Bond, Landhafer, Markton, Navarro, Victoria, and many derivatives of preceding. Inheritance: Monogenic to polygenic.

COVERED SMUT, Ustilago kolleri. p. S. R.: Black Mesdag, Bond, Landhafer, Markton, Navarro, Victoria, and many derivatives of preceding. Inheritance: Monogenic to polygenic.

CROWN RUST, Puccinia coronata avenae. P. S. R.: Arkansas 674, Bond, Bondvic, Landhafer, Santa Fe, Trispernia, Ukraine, Victoria, and many derivatives of preceding. Inheritance: Mono-genic to polygenic.

HALO BLIGHT, Pseudomonas coronafaciens. P. S. R.: Buck 212, Clinton, Coastblack, La Estanzuela, La Prevision, Navarro, Quincy Red, and Victoria. Inheritance: Unknown.

HELMINTHOSPORIUM LEAF BLOTCH, Pyrenophora avenae, Helminthosporium avenae. P. S. R.: Coker's BI-47-67, Coker's BI-47-79, and Wis. X279-1. Inheritance: Unknown.

MOSAIC, Marmor terrestre var. typicum. P. S. R.: Fulghum and Red Rustproof. Inheritance: Unknown.