When the need for beef and leather became critical during the Second World War, several States were completing campaigns to control cattle grubs. In some of them the extension entomologist, animal husbandman, dairyman, and veterinarian together organized the project and carried it out. Several months before the season began for treating cattle for grubs, they worked with county agents, farm groups, and commercial representatives to explain the damage the grubs cause, control methods, and materials to use. They prepared news articles and bulletins. As the time for treating the cattle approached they assisted the county agents in demonstrations to show the methods for mixing and applying the insecticides. Sometimes they used grubby carcasses to show the losses caused by the grubs. The work gained momentum throughout the war. As power sprayers became available, more and more cattle were treated for external parasites in 1949 about 4 million head in the 29 States that submitted reports. The estimated saving to farmers was almost 14 million dollars.

Another program related to the use of DDT against house flies. Many of the States participated. The work in Iowa is typical. The extension entomologist suggested a State meeting be held. The Governor called the meeting and invited organized groups to send delegates. At the meeting procedure was outlined and discussed. The delegates brought the problem to the attention of the county leaders of their organizations and asked their support. The extension entomologist and others of the extension staff prepared, printed, and distributed suggestions for setting up county, community, and town organizations, recommendations for control, posters and stickers, mats for newspaper articles, and news articles giving information on the progress of the campaign. The county extension agents participated actively in the program, but public-spirited citizens did most of the work and deserved credit for its success.

A drive to reduce losses from pests in cotton was another program.

The efforts in South Carolina illustrate the procedure adopted in several states. Early in 1950 the chairman of the State agricultural committee called a meeting that about 175 representatives of State and Federal agencies, farm organizations, and commercial and trade groups attended. An outgrowth was the organization of a State cotton committee, of which the director of the State extension service was elected chairman. A committee of extension specialists was formed to give technical guidance. Each county in the State organized cotton committees to handle its insect-control program. The State and county committees held meetings, training schools, demonstrations, and tours, and gave reports by radio and newspapers. The results were considered outstanding, as shown by surveys, but nevertheless some farmers failed to apply the recommended measures. Those who did not apply poison averaged about go pounds of lint cotton per acre; farmers who poisoned 10 times or more picked about 460 pounds.

The foregoing are but a few of the problems upon which the public requests the help of the extension entomologist. Others include the many additional pests affecting livestock.. field crops, fruit crops, the affecting health of man,

vegetables, greenhouse crops, home gardens, shade trees and ornamentals, grain and other products in storage, wood structures, household furnishings, clothing, and pets.

AN IMPORTANT PHASE of extension entomology is the work with young people, particularly 4 H Club members. Many State extension services have issued bulletins, circulars, lesson leaflets, project outlines, and activity manuals on the subject of entomology for the use of 4 H Club members. A Department pamphlet, Miscellaneous Publication No. 318, 4 H Club Insect Manual, is used widely. Nature study often is conducted at 4 H Club camps. An insect-collecting project has been in operation in Indiana since 1925. About 20,000 persons have participated in it.

Other projects have dealt with the life histories of insects, complete control programs for pests, surveys of the abundance of insects, demonstrations of methods and results, and insect collections. Sometimes the activities are part of a broader project having to do with gardens, cotton, corn, clothing, raising pigs, and so on. Some form of work with insects is being carried on by 4 H Club members in nearly every State.

In some States teams of 4 H Club members are trained to give demonstrations about insect pests and their control. Club members learn to recognize the pest, assess its economic importance, and apply control measures. In Texas, club members learn a certain number of insects; community teams are selected to compete on a county basis, and the county teams compete in a State contest. The teams are judged on oral tests that cover insects found in the contestant's community the identity of insects, hosts, control methods, and the application of insecticides.

Entomology work with 4 H Club members has developed to the extent that some phase of it is suitable for every club member.

As an added incentive to 4 H work in entomology there has been established a National 4 H Entomology Award. The rewards are medals for the county winners, prizes for State winners, trips to the National 4 H Club Congress for sectional winners, and scholarships for national winners. The rewards recognize excellence in all phases of work relating to insect pests and their control making collections, conducting life-history studies, carrying out insect-control practices, giving demonstrations relating to entomology, and participating in community-wide control programs.

EXTENSION WORK in apiculture is as old as the extension service itself. Much of the work now is through county and State beekeepers' associations. The usual extension teaching methods are employed to show the beekeepers how to transfer bees, detect and control bee diseases, and manage the colony for maximum honey production. Management of the colony includes re-queening, brood rearing, feeding of bees, swarm control, placement of supers, removal of honey, and provisions of winter stores of food for the bees. Bee management has taken into account the use of bees for pollination the procurement of bees, the number of colonies needed, and the location of bees in orchards or seed-producing fields. Many thousands of 4 H Club members keep bees as a project. It provides a small enterprise for members who like bees and cannot have livestock or crop projects. John D. Haynie, extension apiculturist in Florida, introduces beekeeping and a taste for honey to 4 H Club members by operating a 4 H Club apiary at one of their camps. The honey produced is distributed to three other 4 H Camps in the State. He uses the apiary to instruct club members in beekeeping practices.

M. P. JONES is extension entomologist in the Extension Service. Before he joined the Department of Agriculture in 1931, he was assistant extension on entomologist in Ohio. He is a native of Ohio and a graduate of Ohio State University.

Alfalfa weevil.