Lima Beans

Natives of the Western Hemisphere, limas probably originated in Central America. The small seeded types have been cultivated since prehistoric times in North America. The large seeded types were developed in South America, specifically in Peru, hence the name ''lima" from the capital city of that country.

Middle, Fordhook 242 bush lima beans are vigorous, productive and heat-resistant. Above, trellised lima beans. Top, lima pole beans growing on strings.

The growing of lima beans is similar to that of snap beans. Therefore, this section will emphasize mainly the cultural requirements specific for limas, and we suggest that the prospective lima bean grower read the section on growing snap beans also.

Lima beans fall into two classes as far as the gardener is concerned---the large seeded, generally referred to as Fordhook type, and the small seeded, known as baby limas. The scientific name for both types is Phaseolus lunatus. In the South the lima is called butter bean.

Both large and small seeded limas come in bush or pole types similar to those of snap beans.

Lima beans are used as green shell beans when the seeds have developed to nearly full size. The pods are not consumed. Nutritionally, lima beans are high in the vitamins thiamine and riboflavin and in phosphorus and iron.

Lima beans require warmer soil and air temperatures than snap beans, and thus are planted somewhat later. A planting date of 2 weeks after the average date of the last frost probably is a good rule-of-thumb. Furthermore, lima beans need a frost-free period of 3 to 4 months with relatively warm days and nights.

Proper soil temperature is critical for seed germination and should be 65 F for quick emergence of seedlings.

Gardeners in most of the more northerly parts of the United States, including the northern New England States and parts of other States along the Canadian border, probably should not attempt to grow lima beans. Just south of this region only bush baby limas should be grown since they mature in a shorter period than large seeded bush or pole limas.

Lima beans grow best in lighter-textured, well-drained soils. They need a soil somewhat richer than required for snap beans, but not excessive in nitrogen.

Don't plant lima beans until two or more weeks after snap beans are first planted. To lengthen the growing season, plant protectors can be used over the seeds and young plants in marginal areas or to obtain earlier growth in other regions. It is possible also for gardeners to start limas indoors and transplant to the garden. Be sure the root systems are not disturbed in transplanting.

Because of requirements for a longer growing season, successive plantings of bush lima beans should not be made except in the more southern areas of the United States.

Seed Treatment Vital

If at all possible, lima bean seed should be treated with a fungicide and insecticide before planting, especially if the soil temperature is below 65 F. Consult your seeds-man, county agent, or State university as to the proper seed treatment and follow the label instructions carefully.

Lima beans may be attacked by a number of diseases and insects. Many of these pests also attack snap beans. As mentioned previously, lima beans are more subject to seed and seedling diseases, so seed treatment is essential to obtaining good stands and sturdy plants.

In the Mid-Atlantic States mildew may be a problem and can be controlled by fungicides or use of resistant varieties, if available. In the South anthracnose may be serious and should be controlled with a fungicide. Nematodes may be a problem, particularly in the South. These can be controlled through resistant varieties and soil fumigation.

Insect control through insecticides may be necessary.

Consult your county agent or State university for diagnosis and recommendation of specific control measures against pests.

Lima beans are ready for picking when the pods are well filled but still bright and fresh in appearance. The end of the pod should feel spongy when squeezed.

Bush limas can be picked for about 3 weeks and pole limas for about 4 weeks or until frost. Depending upon soil fertility, temperature, moisture, and many other factors, yields of from 20 to 40 pounds per 100 feet of row may be expected.